The Analects (《论语》, Lúnyǔ) is an ancient Chinese classic recording the teachings and dialogues of Confucius (孔子, 551–479 BCE) and his disciples. Compiled during the early Warring States period (c. 475–221 BCE) by Confucius’ followers, it serves as the foundational text of Confucianism and stands as the foremost of the “Four Books” in Chinese philosophy.

Structure & Content

• Format: Aphorisms and dialogues (20 chapters, 512 sections).
• Key Themes:
  • Ren (仁): Benevolence/humanity.
  • Li (礼): Ritual/propriety.
  • Zhongyong (中庸): Doctrine of the Mean.
  • Education and governance.

Cultural Impact

• Shaped East Asian ethics, education, and political thought for millennia.
• Often termed the “Bible of the East” for its enduring moral influence.

Style

• Concise, paradoxical language with layered interpretations.
• Widely quoted in modern contexts for its wisdom.